Table of Contents
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Molecular Systematics &
Evolution of Microorganisms Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil September 1999
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Introduction to the course
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Aims of the course:
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Systematics is...
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Systematics comprises:
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Phenetic Classification:
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Phylogenetic classification
(cladistics):
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Cladograms and phylograms
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Rooting using outgroups
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Why construct a classification
for Microorganisms?
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Time line for life based on
fossil evidence
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How to construct a classification
system for Microorganisms?
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Owen’s definition of homology
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Darwin and homology
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Homology is...
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Phylogenetic systematics
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Monophyletic groups
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Some premises underlying phylogenetic
inferences
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Phylogenetic analysis requires
careful thought
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Phylogenetic analysis is an
attempt to infer the past
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Molecules as documents of evolutionary
history
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What sequences should we use?
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Exploring patterns in sequence
data:
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Saturation in sequence data:
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Multiple changes at a single
site
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What is the First Branch in
the Eukaryote Tree? - Microsporidia?
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Elongation factor EF-1 alpha
maximum likelihood tree for a selection of eukaryotes
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Conflicting phylogenies for
Microsporidia?
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Microsporidia have a number
of unusual features
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Alternative explanations of
Microsporidia unusual features
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Some inventions in eukaryote
evolution?
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Elongation factor EF-1 alpha
maximum likelihood tree for a selection of eukaryotes
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Saturation curve for EF-1 alpha
among Eukaryotes
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Elongation factor EF-1 alpha
maximum likelihood tree for a selection of eukaryotes
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Saturation curve for EF-1 alpha
among Eukaryotes
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Elongation factor EF-1 alpha
maximum likelihood tree for a selection of eukaryotes
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Amino acid ML tree for the largest
subunit of RNA Polymerase II
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Plots for pairwise transitions
versus transversions for EF-1 alpha
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An appropriate method can correct
for GC bias.
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Amino acid ML tree for the largest
subunit of RNA Polymerase II
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Plots for pairwise transitions
versus transversions for RNA Polymerase
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LogDet from variable sites (DNA
positions 1+2) for RNA Polymerase
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Some inventions in eukaryote
evolution?
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Biased base compositions?
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Percentage GC in 16S rRNA genes
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An appropriate method can correct
for GC bias
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Phylogenetic estimates are premised
on:
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Orthology: Gene trees and species
trees
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Paralogy can produce misleading
trees
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The Malic Enzyme tree containing
paralogs
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Ancient Duplications can be
used to root the tree of life
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The Universal RNA Tree
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Author:
Martin
Embley
Email: tme@nhm.ac.uk
Home Page: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/zoology/home/embley.htm |