version 3.5c
DNACOMP -- DNA Compatibility Program
(c) Copyright 1986-1993 by Joseph Felsenstein and by the University of
Washington. Written by Joseph Felsenstein. Permission is granted to copy this
document provided that no fee is charged for it and that this copyright notice
is not removed.
This program implements the compatibility method for DNA sequence data.
For a four-state character without a character-state tree, as in DNA sequences,
the usual clique theorems cannot be applied. The approach taken in this
program is to directly evaluate each tree topology by counting how many
substitutions are needed in each site, comparing this to the minimum number
that might be needed (one less than the number of bases observed at that site),
and then evaluating the number of sites which achieve the minimum number. This
is the evaluation of the tree (the number of compatible sites), and the
topology is chosen so as to maximize that number.
Compatibility methods originated with Le Quesne's (1969) suggestion that
one ought to look for trees supported by the largest number of perfectly
fitting (compatible) characters. Fitch (1975) showed by counterexample that
one could not use the pairwise compatibility methods used in CLIQUE to discover
the largest clique of jointly compatible characters.
The assumptions of this method are similar to those of CLIQUE. In a paper
in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1981b) I discuss this matter
extensively. In effect, the assumptions are that:
1. Each character evolves independently.
2. Different lineages evolve independently.
3. The ancestral base at each site is unknown.
4. The rates of change in most sites over the time spans involved in the
the divergence of the group are very small.
5. A few of the sites have very high rates of change.
6. We do not know in advance which are the high and which the low rate
sites.
That these are the assumptions of compatibility methods has been documented in
a series of papers of mine: (1973a, 1978b, 1979, 1981b, 1983b, 1988b). For an
opposing view arguing that arguments such as mine are invalid and that
parsimony (and perhaps compatibility) methods make no substantive assumptions
such as these, see the papers by Farris (1983) and Sober (1983a, 1983b, 1988),
but also read the exchange between Felsenstein and Sober (1986).
There is, however, some reason to believe that the present criterion is
not the proper way to correct for the presence of some sites with high rates of
change in nucleotide sequence data. It can be argued that sites showing more
than two nucleotide states, even if those are compatible with the other sites,
are also candidates for sites with high rates of change. It might then be more
proper to use DNAPARS with the Threshold option with a threshold value of 2.
Change from an occupied site to a gap is counted as one change. Reversion
from a gap to an occupied site is allowed and is also counted as one change.
Note that this in effect assumes that a gap N bases long is N separate events.
This may be an overcorrection. When we have nonoverlapping gaps, we could
instead code a gap as a single event by changing all but the first "-" in the
gap into "?" characters. In this way only the first base of the gap causes the
program to infer a change.
The input data is standard. The first line of the input file contains the
number of species and the number of sites. If the Weights option is being
used, there must also be a W in this first line to signal its presence. There
are only two options requiring information to be present in the input file, W
(Weights) and U (User tree). All options other than W are invoked using the
menu.
Next come the species data. Each sequence starts on a new line, has a
ten-character species name that must be blank-filled to be of that length,
followed immediately by the species data in the one-letter code. The sequences
must either be in the "interleaved" or "sequential" formats described in the
Molecular Sequence Programs document. The I option selects between them. The
sequences can have internal blanks in the sequence but there must be no extra
blanks at the end of the terminated line. Note that a blank is not a valid
symbol for a deletion.
The options are selected using an interactive menu. The menu looks like
this:
DNA compatibility algorithm, version 3.5c
Settings for this run:
U Search for best tree? Yes
J Randomize input order of sequences? No. Use input order
O Outgroup root? No, use as outgroup species 1
M Analyze multiple data sets? No
I Input sequences interleaved? Yes
0 Terminal type (IBM PC, VT52, ANSI)? ANSI
1 Print out the data at start of run No
2 Print indications of progress of run Yes
3 Print out tree Yes
4 Print steps & compatibility at sites No
5 Print sequences at all nodes of tree No
6 Write out trees onto tree file? Yes
Are these settings correct? (type Y or the letter for one to change)
The user either types "Y" (followed, of course, by a carriage-return) if the
settings shown are to be accepted, or the letter or digit corresponding to an
option that is to be changed.
The options U, J, O, M, and 0 are the usual ones. They are described in
the main documentation file of this package. Option I is the same as in other
molecular sequence programs and is described in the documentation file for the
sequence programs.
The O (outgroup) option has no effect if the U (user-defined tree) option
is in effect. The user-defined trees (option U) fed in must be strictly
bifurcating, with a two-way split at their base.
The interpretation of weights (option W) in the case of a compatibility
method is that they count how many times the character (in this case the site)
is counted in the analysis. Thus a character can be dropped from the analysis
by assigning it zero weight. On the other hand, giving it a weight of 5 means
that in any clique it is in, it is counted as 5 characters when the size of the
clique is evaluated.
Output is standard: if option 1 is toggled on, the data is printed out,
with the convention that "." means "the same as in the first species". Then
comes a list of equally parsimonious trees, and (if option 2 is toggled on) a
table of the number of changes of state required in each character. If option
5 is toggled on, a table is printed out after each tree, showing for each
branch whether there are known to be changes in the branch, and what the states
are inferred to have been at the top end of the branch. If the inferred state
is a "?" or one of the IUB ambiguity symbols, there will be multiple equally-
parsimonious assignments of states; the user must work these out for themselves
by hand. A "?" in the reconstructed states means that in addition to one or
more bases, a gap may or may not be present. If option 6 is left in its
default state the trees found will be written to a tree file, so that they are
available to be used in other programs.
If the U (User Tree) option is used and more than one tree is supplied,
the program also performs a statistical test of each of these trees against the
best tree. This test, which is a version of the test proposed by Alan
Templeton (1983) and evaluated in a test case by me (1985a). It is closely
parallel to a test using log likelihood differences due to Kishino and Hasegawa
(1989), and uses the mean and variance of weighted compatibility differences
between trees, taken across sites. If the mean is more than 1.96 standard
deviations different then the trees are declared significantly different. The
program prints out a table of the compatibilities for each tree, the
differences of each from the highest one, the variance of that quantity as
determined by the compatibility differences at individual sites, and a
conclusion as to whether that tree is or is not significantly worse than the
best one.
The algorithm is a straightforward modification of DNAPARS, but with some
extra machinery added to calculate, as each species is added, how many base
changes are the minimum which could be required at that site. The program runs
fairly quickly.
The constants which can be changed at the beginning of the program are:
the name length "nmlngth", "maxtrees", the maximum number of trees which the
program will store for output, and "maxuser", the maximum number of user trees
that can be used in the paired sites test.
----------------------------TEST DATA SET-------------------------------
5 13
Alpha AACGUGGCCAAAU
Beta AAGGUCGCCAAAC
Gamma CAUUUCGUCACAA
Delta GGUAUUUCGGCCU
Epsilon GGGAUCUCGGCCC
--- Contents of output file (if all numerical options are turned on) ---
DNA compatibility algorithm, version 3.5c
Name Sequences
---- ---------
Alpha AACGUGGCCA AAU
Beta ..G..C.... ..C
Gamma C.UU.C.U.. C.A
Delta GGUA.UU.GG CC.
Epsilon GGGA.CU.GG CCC
One most parsimonious tree found:
+--Epsilon
+--4
+--3 +--Delta
! !
+--2 +-----Gamma
! !
--1 +--------Beta
!
+-----------Alpha
remember: this is an unrooted tree!
total number of compatible sites is 11.0
steps in each site:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*-----------------------------------------
0! 2 1 3 2 0 2 1 1 1
10! 1 1 1 3
compatibility (Y or N) of each site with this tree:
0123456789
*----------
0 ! YYNYYYYYY
10 !YYYN
From To Any Steps? State at upper node
( . means same as in the node below it on tree)
1 AABGTSGCCA AAY
1 2 maybe .....C.... ...
2 3 yes V.KD...... C..
3 4 yes GG.A..T.GG .C.
4 Epsilon maybe ..G....... ..C
4 Delta yes ..T..T.... ..T
3 Gamma yes C.TT...T.. ..A
2 Beta maybe ..G....... ..C
1 Alpha maybe ..C..G.... ..T